Screening Before We Know: Radical Uncertainties in Expanded Prenatal Genetics

Prenatal screening and genetics.

Although the term 'genetic screening' has been used for decades, this paper discusses how, in its most precise meaning, genetic screening has not yet been widely introduced. 'Prenatal screening' is often confused with 'genetic screening'. As we show, these terms have different meanings, and we examine definitions of the relevant concepts in order to illustrate this point. The concepts are i) pr...

Cepaea genetics - what we think we know and what we don't know

The polymorphism in Cepaea was shown to have a Mendelian basis at the end of the 19 C. (Lang, 1904, 1908). It thus became one of the standard early genetic examples. Like most others, however, simple segregation rules do not describe all the complexities of the system (Darbishire, 1905; Stelfox, 1918; Pelseneer, 1920). The current picture is due to extensive breeding by Lamotte (1951, 1954) and...

Species, extinct before we know them?

Species are going extinct rapidly, while taxonomic catalogues are still incomplete for even the best-known taxa. Intensive fieldwork is finding species so rare and threatened that some become extinct within years of discovery. Recent bird extinctions in Brazil's coastal forests suggest that some species may have gone extinct before we knew of their existence.

Superior Capsule Reconstruction: What Do We Know?

The management of irreparable rotator cuff tears remains challenging. Since its introduction by Mihata in 2012, superiorcapsule reconstruction (SCR) has grown in popularity at an astonishingly rapid rate. The aim of this article is to providea comprehensive review of the available literature, in order to highlight what has so far been published on SCR,covering all aspects including biomechanica...

Do We Know What We Do not Know? A Response to Celine Bonnet